United Kingdom envoys spark _ jingting matches Tibetan Museum

The figure is a 1965 United Kingdom Belcerby & Sons manufacturing "Princes" card matches a pattern, in the United Kingdom London book publishing industry association registration copyright, this match as export sales in China, maybe at that time, only China can have a sort of. United Kingdom envoys Macartney to a.d. 1792, 26 September, United Kingdom Royal warships "lion" and "Stan" India, vessel is ready to go. This is the King George III's contributing huge fleets of missions. Headed by George �� Lord Macartney, Deputy George �� Baron, when East, visit members a total of 800 people. They will be traveling to a distant old Chinese, when the emperor Qianlong of the 83-year-old birthday. The 18th century by the United Kingdom, is in the rise of capitalism, the highly developed commodity economy, there is an urgent need to open up new markets. Therefore, Macartney's trip aims to open the door to the Eastern Qing dynasty. Nine months later, the United Kingdom Corps fleet finally in Qianlong fifty years (1793) arrived in China on May 14, in Macau Wanshan archipelago of Pearl g Zhu DAO broke down. United Kingdom Mission arrived in China in the United Kingdom, by the East India Company Chairman Francis �� bailing's letter to Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, he asked the Emperor Guangxi and Guangdong Governor go play. Emperor saw the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and memorials to the special group of "the purpose" means in this issue, along with advice from another. He appointed changlu salt acquisition Rui, Governors beam Ken Tong as imperial Commissioner, responsible for reception of United Kingdom missions. Has been welcomed by the emperor Qianlong, United Kingdom Community vessels will have to start from Macau to Tianjin. In Tianjin they changed by inland ship to Tongzhou, finally to Beijing. Northwest of the Winter Palace in Beijing a few days rest, Macartney and lead the Attach�� 92 people go straight to the Chengde, because Emperor 83-year-old birthday celebration will be held there. From Beijing to summer resort, through the great wall. Great works, spectacular scenery, the United Kingdom delegation missions. Qianlong fifty years beginning August 4 (ad 1793 8 September), Macartney, when East and Attach�� arrived Jehol. Has already awaiting the Qianlong here, standing on the Palace was ruined by a high platform, watch missions neatly lined up into summer resort. The Qing government missions to the United Kingdom's visit attaches, the emperor would command a Privy Council prepared reception programmes, including audience, reward, banquets, theater, sightseeing and other activities. The programme records at the archives of the Palace on to stall on the book. Are both interested and wait for the official meetings, an unpleasant thing happened. Because audience etiquette issues, both the serious differences. In accordance with the provisions of the Qing dynasty, foreign envoys to China to enter the Chinese emperor, must kneel nine tapping line three. And Macartney's view, the Chinese Emperors line tap 9 three kneel ceremony is detrimental to the dignity of the British Empire, he advocated the audience with the Emperor line single when the knees of British etiquette. Emperor Qianlong's performance of missions accredited to the United Kingdom is very angry. In the file "on them, such records: the emperor at the time that they so arrogant, I am very unhappy. Such ignorance of uncivilized people or not. United Kingdom Mission to face the risk of being expelled. Macartney had to converge its "arrogance" attitude, the Qing Government also made certain concessions, the two sides reached a consensus that: in early August, the tree Park courtesy of 6 welcome banquet, United Kingdom Ambassador row British courtesy, to August 13, in lack of worldly desires Keswick Hall was held during the longevity congregation, they want to row three kneeling nine China stands. The emperor was informed that the two sides reached a compromise attitude also eased, he said: these people from afar from the sea, it is not familiar with heavenly statutes, have a little restraint, today since the sincere-Shun, or should give grace. Qianlong also command military Minister Subscriber and so lead the line sightseeing, ornamental lakes and mountains of the Royal gardens. Qianlong fifty years on August 13, Grand "Marigold" celebration in Chengde's lack of worldly desires Keswick Hall. Lack of worldly desires Keswick Hall decorated, 1905-hundred officers, foreign envoys row three, nine tapping on his knees to wish the Emperor happy. United Kingdom gift total 19, more than 590, was the United Kingdom's boutique, United Kingdom and the representative of the advanced science and technology. Qing dynasty in the "thin to thick to" principle, namely the King and the Princes gift, Attach�� row silk velvet, porcelain, jade and various crafts thousand pieces. United Kingdom's gifts were later separately displayed in the forbidden city, Summer Palace, the summer resort, for the Crown Royal and wenwu 100 appreciate. After the ceremony, the United Kingdom missions row in clarity Pavilion watched drama. The second day they visited thousands of trees in the garden of song and dance performances, evening and watch the fireworks. For Macartney row in the audience with the emperor Qianlong, is not a row three kneeling at nine, tapping in endlessly and foreign historians. The Qing dynasty emperor Gaozong pure draft �� "Bibliography" records that United Kingdom Ambassador Macartney, although not accustomed to kow-tow to the Emperor, but one, or kneel before. So we've got a lot of information. Windhoek is the Macartney's relatives, and the Secretary of the missions, he United Kingdom missions an audience with the emperor Qianlong of the journal the other day, this description: "when it throne passed to it informs us out of the tent, let us Chinese officials and Tatar Princes opposite queued service. Our local way applied and, in other words, the knees, kowtowing to nine. "United Kingdom Ambassador Macartney line finished during the celebration of longevity, will soon leave back to Beijing. The Qing Government has stipulated that any foreign envoys in Beijing stay does not exceed 40 days, Macartney original preparations in Beijing Festival plans has been rejected. At the same time, Macartney in the Emperor's birthday is respectful of United Kingdom King's table, also in Beijing of Western missionaries translated to the emperor Qianlong, now also saved in the first historical archives of China. Qianlong know the contents of the text, tables, greatly annoyed that the United Kingdom is sent to Beijing. To this end the reign of Stern pointed out: "it doesn't fit with the heavenly system,Not feasible. "Then, Qianlong emperor to all subjects in the form of advice aims to United Kingdom King back a letter to Macartney brought back. At this point, the Emperor had been vaguely felt, United Kingdom purpose of envoys to China not only tribute birthday, but another attempt. They urge that they hurried departure home. In the face of the Emperor's solemn position and strong attitude, Macartney also feel the situation grim. At first, before leaving the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom King had handed him a very important letter, let him go to the emperor. For the contents of the letter, Macartney just to Jehol, many want to convey through being the Subscriber to the Emperor, but every word is just a export, Subscriber skillfully dodged. So Macartney in accordance with the contents of the letter directly to the emperor Qianlong wrote a letter, and trying to give the letter to the Emperor's hand, the letter of the title is: "United Kingdom of Great Britain's King, his Majesty the Emperor of China requested to actively consider his envoy requests". Macartney in the letter of request is: allow United Kingdom merchant in Zhushan, Ningbo, Tianjin and other places of business; allow United Kingdom dealers in Beijing to set up a trading trading goods; in the vicinity of Guangzhou Zhushan, a small island, as the United Kingdom dealers use; request for British goods tax-free or tax relief; allows people in the United Kingdom's freedom to preach, and so on. It is not difficult to see, the United Kingdom in bilateral trade, but also hide a colonial expansion ambitions. In particular, the United Kingdom proposed the Division of Guangzhou nearby Zhushan or cutting a small island for the United Kingdom used the apparent merchant is an aggression against the territory of China, the Emperor outright negation. He said: all the Chinese territory are owned by Chinese territory, boundaries is very clear that the Islands and sandbanks, also have the exclusive, which can be easily drawn out? other to United Kingdom, Emperor Qianlong in the Charter for the Crown by article in refuting them. Qianlong refused United Kingdom requirements for Charter issued, marking the Macartney's failure, United Kingdom missions last hope was completely shattered. The Qing Government to rush back to the United Kingdom missions, and quickly, especially along the guard against officials of the United Kingdom were in trouble. Qianlong fifty years of Qianlong in early September, 3 appointed service song Yun, specialized escorts for attached for United Kingdom Corps line departure leaves Beijing. Missions along the Canal, arrived at Guangzhou, in the reign of early December 1969, set sail from Guangzhou on 7. Macartney's visit to fail, but through this exposure and impact, after all, the East and the two great powers between an initial understanding on the future development of relations between the United Kingdom and China will have a profound impact. 23 years later, the reign of King wrote, the United Kingdom's second visit to missions were dispatched to Carol �� Ami Strickland is positive, the then Deputy, when East's son Thomas ��, when East to bring to China again raised at the request of the United Kingdom. This time because the United Kingdom Mission to the reign of Emperor row three kneeling, nine percussion and expelled. After 24 years, the year 1840, the opium war broke out, British imperialists finally used artillery opened its doors in China. Ray 22-July 24, the United Kingdom mission visited China for the first time after a half century, the Qing government and United Kingdom signed a humiliating loss to the Treaty of Nanjing. Qianlong period United Kingdom Mission to get and not getting things, United Kingdom troops with Kin ship cannons have been. Since then, the United Kingdom can legitimately access in China. This coin is a spark of the release's 1865. 1960-7 November 1864, June 19, the Plenipotentiary is BU Ruth, and incoming United Kingdom Princes is Wade, said Minister Counsellor acting, until 1865 7 December; succeeding Wade is ' Li ', said Minister Plenipotentiary (1865.12.7-1869.11.1 incumbent); Wade 1869, November 28, also served as Minister Plenipotentiary. If the characters in the pattern will not and it. At that time China Mission off the lock state policies, international exchanges, therefore write Chinese foreigners rarely, figure of Chinese characters are difficult to identify, not knowing the meaning of them. Wade (1818-1895), the United Kingdom. From 1841, Embassy of the United Kingdom. Wade in China, for foreigners to learn and master it in Chinese, Kanji, Wade with him under Beijing's Latin reading tone pinyin programme to furigana. This programme will be widely used for spelling of Chinese names, place names, commonly known as Wade-pinyin, such as Chungking, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou Chengtu Kwangchow, Nanking, Tianjin, Nanjing Tietsin, Guilin Kweilin, Taipei, Taipei.